In light of Sri Lanka’s recent attempts to crush the Tamil Tiger movement, I’ve been reflecting the process of Balkanisation. There are plenty of countries undergoing, or recently completing the process: East Timor, West Papua, Aceh, Kosovo, South Ossetia…..hell even Quebec has started talking about it! Not to mention the breakaway regions of my homeland – Antarctica.
Despite the popularity of breaking away, it seems to go against everything the world has learnt over the last 50 years about economics, education, productivity and technological development. So why? There’s the obvious answer – the terrible brutality of the overlords of the bad bad ‘mother’ country. But what do you expect when you behave like a rabid dog?
To get a better handle, let’s look at who wins, and who loses.
The ‘Old’ Government
In almost all situations, they are a big loser. In a monetary sense, a seceding state is not such a big deal – provided there are no natural resources involved.
The reason most governments fight so hard against breakaway states is the crucial and indeed foundation element of governance: stability. It sets a precedent, visible and in the minds of all citizens, that their government will allow itself to be pushed around by what may, or may not be violent radicals (in the literal, rather than pejorative sense).
East Timor is a great example of this. West Papua (formerly Irian Jaya), and Aceh are looking to follow the example of their close neighbour, one of the worlds newest countries.
It can also undermine social cohesion in other ways. Secession is a war that is won as much with hearts and minds, as with tanks and bombs. Inevitably, stories of brutality by the old guard will surface (true, justifiable or otherwise). Regardless of the truth, mitigating circumstances, or unreported facts, these stories cut to the heart of any middle class. They can become self-perpetuating: reported brutality, leading to violence, leading to actual brutality to end, or in retaliation for the ongoing violence.
Governments have almost nothing to gain – unless they use the opportunity to slip a few draconian police state laws through, although most governments wouldn’t waste their political capital now that media fuelled ‘terrorism’ provides an unchallenged route for most cringeworthy laws.
The People
Not everyone in a breakaway state is a part of the movement. They may be supporters, they may be indifferent, the may be opponents, yet they often have much more to lose than it seems.
As soon as a state begin a secession attempt, the people can become easy targets for government brutality. If the state is breaking away due to a real lack of government attention, or too much bad attention, a coup is a shore way of moving down the ladder. Armed and media presence may rise, but investment – both business and government, infrastructure, safety nets and other forms of government expenditure may soon be scrutinised, or even put to a complete halt. Which is quite fitting, because they will have to get used to getting things done alone. Even if the government does not go to great lengths to inflict pain, when a secession begins, the real fight has just begun.
By the time a country secedes, businesses are fleeing, law and order is at its perigee, infrastructure will be destroyed, unfit for purpose or just not there, meaning that any resources will not be paying dividends any time soon. There is no mechanism for preventing or uncovering corruption. Just after breaking away, the government will be effectively broke. There is no government money to open schools, hospitals. Where money is provided by international backers, it will be in the form of loans to be paid by the people at a later date.
The people are in for years of misery to come. Maybe the initial conditions were bad, but things will not improve for a long time without very large amounts of money.
The Separatist Leaders\Miltia
Provided they survive long enough to see their new country born, they have little to lose. They will forever be a target of assassination, and political persecution, but what is on offer?
A place in history. Rising from the unterklasse, to the uberklasse. Wealth and riches (if only metered access to it). Mingling with other government leaders. And dont forget POWER.
The movement leaders stand to gain alot, provided they can dodge the bullets, and pull off the coup successfully. But someone stands to gain more.
The Regional Powers
Ever wondered why powers support some breakaway states, and oppose others?
The answer is simple, it is about consolidating power. The smaller, and more fractious their neighbours, the more leverage they have. The larger neighbours of the regional power will have less credibility and morale. They begin to look like a beacon of human decency and stability in comparison. All for the price of a few thousand arms and political support.
Think about it: Russia supports South Ossettia, but not North Ossettia. One represents the weakening of a US ally, the other is a weakening of themselves.
Secession also provides the side benefit of a safe area to fight proxy wars with other regional powers, serving the dick-measuring needs of both militaries. Georgia – must I say any more.
Wrap-up
When i think about this, being a penguin, i think back to cold, windy winters in Antarctica when the colony huddles together. You may not like the guy huddled next to you, but if you go it alone to get away from him you will soon be a popsicle for a passing seal. If you hate him that much, the best solution is to remove the cause of the problem with a quick roundhouse kick to the head.
Maybe breakaway states could take a lesson in that.